Sources¶

This page collects sources for claims made throughout the guide. Entries are organized alphabetically.

A¶

Adversarial Perturbations Cannot Reliably Protect Artists¶

Hönig, Robert, Javier Rando, Nicholas Carlini, and Florian Tramèr. "Adversarial Perturbations Cannot Reliably Protect Artists From Generative AI." arXiv:2406.12027. 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12027

AT&T Broadcom VMware Lawsuit¶

The Register. "AT&T claims 1,050% VMware price hike in Broadcom lawsuit filings." October 2024. https://www.theregister.com/2024/10/01/att_broadcom_filings_update/

Apache Software Foundation Legal FAQ¶

Apache Software Foundation. "ASF Legal Previously Asked Questions." Accessed 2026. https://www.apache.org/legal/resolved.html

Apache License 2.0 Text¶

Apache Software Foundation. "Apache License, Version 2.0." January 2004. https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Artifex v. Hancom GPL Contract Ruling¶

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. "Court Ruling Supports Contractual and Statutory Enforcement of Open Source Software Licenses." 2017. Artifex Software, Inc. v. Hancom, Inc., No. 16-cv-06982-JSC (N.D. Cal. Sept. 12, 2017). https://www.wsgr.com/en/insights/court-ruling-supports-contractual-and-statutory-enforcement-of-open-source-software-licenses.html

B¶

Broadcom VMware Acquisition¶

Broadcom, Inc. "Broadcom and VMware Intend to Close Transaction on November 22, 2023." November 2023. https://investors.broadcom.com/news-releases/news-release-details/broadcom-and-vmware-intend-close-transaction-november-22-2023

Broadcom Ends VMware Perpetual Licenses¶

Born, Günter. "Broadcom ends perpetual licenses for VMware products." Born's Tech and Windows World. January 2024. https://borncity.com/win/2024/01/17/broadcom-ends-perpetual-licenses-for-vmware-products-end-of-the-free-esxi-server/

BSD Advertising Clause Removal¶

Hoskins, William. "Withdrawal of BSD Advertising Clause." University of California, Berkeley. July 1999. https://www.freebsd.org/copyright/license/

Busybox GPL Lawsuit Announcement¶

Software Freedom Law Center. "BusyBox Developers and SFLC Announce First Ever GPL Violation Lawsuit." September 2007. https://softwarefreedom.org/news/2007/sep/20/busybox/

Busybox GPL Enforcement History¶

Software Freedom Conservancy. "BusyBox GPL Enforcement." 2007-2015. https://sfconservancy.org/copyleft-compliance/

C¶

California AB 2013 Training Data Transparency¶

California Legislature. "AB-2013 Generative artificial intelligence: training data transparency." Signed September 2024, effective January 1, 2026. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2013

CISPE Broadcom Acquisition Challenge¶

CISPE. "CISPE Takes European Commission to Court to Annul Approval of Broadcom's Acquisition of VMware." July 2025. https://www.cispe.cloud/cispe-takes-european-commission-to-court-to-annul-approval-of-broadcoms-acquisition-of-vmware/

Creative Commons License Versions¶

Creative Commons. "License Versions." Accessed 2026. https://creativecommons.org/about/cclicenses/

Crockford's JSON License¶

Crockford, Douglas. "JSON License." Accessed 2026. https://www.json.org/license.html

D¶

Doe v. GitHub Copilot Lawsuit¶

Joseph Saveri Law Firm. "GitHub Copilot Intellectual Property Litigation." Filed November 3, 2022. N.D. Cal. https://www.saverilawfirm.com/our-cases/github-copilot-intellectual-property-litigation

Doe v. GitHub DMCA Claims Dismissed¶

Legal.io. "Judge Throws Out Majority of Claims in GitHub Copilot Lawsuit." July 2024. https://www.legal.io/articles/5516216/Judge-Throws-Out-Majority-of-Claims-in-GitHub-Copilot-Lawsuit

Doe v. GitHub Remaining Claims¶

Finnegan. "Insights from the Pending Copilot Class Action Lawsuit." 2024. https://www.finnegan.com/en/insights/articles/insights-from-the-pending-copilot-class-action-lawsuit.html

Doe v. GitHub Ninth Circuit Appeal¶

Patent AI Lab. "GitHub Copilot Lawsuit Update (Feb 2026): Is Your Code Safe?" February 2026. https://patentailab.com/doe-v-github-lawsuit-explained-ai-copyright-rules/

Debian JSON License Discussion¶

Debian Project. "JSON License Discussion." Debian Legal Mailing List. 2005. https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2005/11/msg00154.html

Deere Right-to-Repair Settlement¶

DTN/Progressive Farmer. "John Deere's $99 Million Right-to-Repair Settlement Gets Preliminary Court Approval." May 2026. https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2026/05/18/john-deeres-99-million-right-repair

DMCA Section 1201 Repair Exemptions¶

U.S. Copyright Office. "Section 1201 Rulemaking: Exemptions to Prohibition Against Circumvention of Technological Measures." 2015, 2018, 2021, 2024 cycles. https://www.copyright.gov/1201/

E¶

ECCO Broadcom Licensing Report¶

ECCO (European Cloud Competition Observatory). "Reports on Broadcom VMware Licensing Practices." February–October 2025. https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/22/euro_cloud_body_ecco_says_broadcom_licensing_unfair/

Eclipse Public License 2.0¶

Eclipse Foundation. "Eclipse Public License - v 2.0." August 2017. https://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0/

EU AI Act Article 53 GPAI Copyright Compliance¶

Clifford Chance. "Copyright compliance under the EU AI Act for GPAI model providers." October 2025. https://www.cliffordchance.com/insights/resources/blogs/ip-insights/2025/10/copyright-compliance-under-the-eu-ai-act-for-gpai-model-providers.html

EU Digital Omnibus AI Act Deadline Deferrals¶

Gibson Dunn. "EU AI Act Omnibus Agreement — Postponed High-Risk Deadlines and Other Key Changes." May 2026. https://www.gibsondunn.com/eu-ai-act-omnibus-agreement-postponed-high-risk-deadlines-and-other-key-changes/

Entr'ouvert v. Orange GPL Damages¶

Meeker, Heather. "French Court Issues Damages Award for Violation of GPL." February 2024. https://heathermeeker.com/2024/02/17/french-court-issues-damages-award-for-violation-of-gpl/

Elastic License Change Announcement¶

Banon, Shay. "Doubling Down on Open." Elastic Blog. January 2021. https://www.elastic.co/blog/licensing-change

Elastic AGPL Relicensing Announcement¶

Banon, Shay. "Elasticsearch is Open Source. Again!" Elastic Blog. August 2024. https://www.elastic.co/blog/elasticsearch-is-open-source-again

EU Repair of Goods Directive¶

European Commission. "Directive (EU) 2024/1799 on common rules promoting the repair of goods." Adopted June 13, 2024; applies from July 31, 2026. https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/consumer-protection-law/directive-repair-goods_en

Free ESXi Hypervisor Discontinued¶

The Register. "Broadcom terminates VMware's free ESXi hypervisor." February 2024. https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/13/broadcom_ends_free_esxi_vsphere/

F¶

FTC v. Deere Repair Lawsuit¶

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. "FTC and States Sue Deere & Company for Unfairly Driving Up Equipment Repair Costs for Farmers." January 2025. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/01/ftc-states-sue-deere-company-unfairly-driving-equipment-repair-costs-farmers

FSF Four Freedoms Definition¶

Free Software Foundation. "What is Free Software?" Accessed 2026. https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

FSF License Commentary List¶

Free Software Foundation. "Various Licenses and Comments About Them." Accessed 2026. https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html

FSF v. Cisco Settlement¶

Free Software Foundation. "FSF Settles Suit Against Cisco." May 2009. https://www.fsf.org/news/2009-05-cisco-settlement.html

G¶

GEMA v. OpenAI Munich Ruling¶

Bird & Bird. "Landmark ruling of the Munich Regional Court (GEMA v OpenAI) on copyright and AI training." November 2025. https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2025/landmark-ruling-of-the-munich-regional-court-(gema-v-openai)-on-copyright-and-ai-training

Glaze Style Cloaking Paper¶

Shan, Shawn, Jenna Cryan, Emily Wenger, Haitao Zheng, Rana Hanocka, and Ben Y. Zhao. "Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Models." 32^nd USENIX Security Symposium. August 2023. Distinguished Paper Award; co-winner, 2023 Internet Defense Prize. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/shan

GPL License History¶

Free Software Foundation. "A Brief History of the GPL." Accessed 2026. https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-history.html

The GNU Manifesto¶

Stallman, Richard. "The GNU Manifesto." March 1985. https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html

H¶

HashiCorp BSL License Change¶

HashiCorp. "HashiCorp Adopts Business Source License." August 2023. https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/hashicorp-adopts-business-source-license

I¶

IBM HashiCorp Acquisition¶

IBM. "IBM to Acquire HashiCorp, Inc. Creating a Comprehensive End-to-End Hybrid Cloud Platform." April 2024. https://newsroom.ibm.com/2024-04-24-IBM-to-Acquire-HashiCorp-Inc-Creating-a-Comprehensive-End-to-End-Hybrid-Cloud-Platform

IBM JSON License Exception¶

Various. "IBM Obtains JSON License Exception." Referenced in multiple sources. 2011.

J¶

Jacobsen v. Katzer Federal Circuit Opinion¶

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Jacobsen v. Katzer, 535 F.3d 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2008). August 13, 2008. https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/209693/jacobsen-v-katzer/

Jacobsen v. Katzer Settlement¶

Meeker, Heather. "Jacobsen v. Katzer Settled." Copyleft Currents. February 2010. https://heathermeeker.com/2010/02/20/jacobsen-v-katzer-settled/

L¶

LightShed Defeating Perturbation-Based Protections¶

Foerster, Hanna, et al. "LightShed: Defeating Perturbation-based Image Copyright Protections." 34^th USENIX Security Symposium. 2025. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity25/presentation/foerster

Linux Foundation OpenTofu Announcement¶

Linux Foundation. "OpenTofu." September 2023. https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/announcing-opentofu

Linux Foundation Valkey Launch¶

Linux Foundation. "Linux Foundation Launches Valkey." March 2024. https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/linux-foundation-launches-open-source-valkey-community

M¶

MariaDB Fork Announcement¶

Widenius, Michael. "Help saving MySQL." Monty Says Blog. December 2009. https://monty-says.blogspot.com/2009/12/help-saving-mysql.html

MongoDB SSPL License Change¶

MongoDB, Inc. "MongoDB Licensing Changes." October 2018. https://www.mongodb.com/blog/post/mongodb-now-released-under-the-server-side-public-license

Mozilla MPL 2.0 FAQ¶

Mozilla Foundation. "MPL 2.0 FAQ." January 2012. https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/FAQ/

Nightshade Prompt-Specific Poisoning Paper¶

Shan, Shawn, Wenxin Ding, Josephine Passananti, Stanley Wu, Haitao Zheng, and Ben Y. Zhao. "Nightshade: Prompt-Specific Poisoning Attacks on Text-to-Image Generative Models." 2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. arXiv:2310.13828. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13828

Nutanix VMware Migration Growth¶

SiliconANGLE. "VMware defections propel Nutanix to another strong earnings beat." February 2025. https://siliconangle.com/2025/02/26/vmware-defections-propel-nutanix-another-strong-earnings-revenue-beat/

O¶

OSI Open Source AI Definition¶

Open Source Initiative. "The Open Source AI Definition 1.0." October 2024. https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition

Open Source Definition¶

Open Source Initiative. "The Open Source Definition." Accessed 2026. https://opensource.org/osd

Open Source Initiative History¶

Open Source Initiative. "History of the OSI." Accessed 2026. https://opensource.org/history

OpenTofu Manifesto¶

OpenTofu. "The OpenTofu Manifesto." August 2023. https://opentofu.org/manifesto

Oracle JDK Licensing Changes¶

Oracle Corporation. "Oracle Java SE Licensing FAQ." Updated 2019. https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/jdk-faqs.html

Oracle v. Google Supreme Court Decision¶

Supreme Court of the United States. "Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc." April 2021. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/18-956_d18f.pdf

P¶

Proxmox Virtual Environment¶

Proxmox Server Solutions GmbH. "About Proxmox." Accessed 2026. https://www.proxmox.com/en/about/about-us/company

Proxmox VE 8.2 VMware Import Wizard¶

Proxmox Server Solutions GmbH. "Proxmox Virtual Environment 8.2." April 2024. https://www.proxmox.com/en/about/press-releases/proxmox-virtual-environment-8-2

Proxmox VE 9.0 Release¶

Proxmox Server Solutions GmbH. "Proxmox VE 9.0." August 2025. https://www.proxmox.com/en/about/press-releases/proxmox-virtual-environment-9-0

R¶

React MIT Relicensing Announcement¶

Facebook Engineering. "Relicensing React, Jest, Flow, and Immutable.js." September 2017. https://engineering.fb.com/2017/09/22/web/relicensing-react-jest-flow-and-immutable-js/

Red Hat IPO¶

Various. "Red Hat IPO." August 1999. Referenced in financial news archives.

Redis 8 GA Announcement¶

Redis Ltd. "Redis 8 is now GA, loaded with new features and more than 30 performance improvements." 2025. https://redis.io/blog/redis-8-ga/

Redis AGPL Move and the Forks¶

DSA Research. "Redis Returns to Open Source: What the AGPL Move Means for the Forks." 2025. https://dsa-research.org/blog/redis-agpl-open-source/

Redis AGPLv3 Announcement¶

Trollope, Rowan. "Redis is now available under the AGPLv3 open source license." Redis Ltd. May 1, 2025. https://redis.io/blog/agplv3/

Redis Dual License Change¶

Redis Ltd. "Redis Adopts Dual Source-Available Licensing." March 2024. https://redis.io/blog/redis-adopts-dual-source-available-licensing/

Redis Software 7.2 End of Life¶

Percona. "It's End of Life for Redis Enterprise 7.2 in Six Months — What Are Your Options?" 2025. https://www.percona.com/blog/its-end-of-life-for-redis-enterprise-7-2-in-six-months-what-are-your-options/

S¶

SAND Lab Response to Glaze Purification¶

Shan, Shawn, Stanley Wu, Haitao Zheng, and Ben Y. Zhao. "A Response to Glaze Purification via IMPRESS." University of Chicago SAND Lab. arXiv:2312.07731. 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.07731

SFC v. Vizio Case Page¶

Software Freedom Conservancy. "Software Freedom Conservancy v. Vizio Inc." Accessed 2026. https://sfconservancy.org/copyleft-compliance/vizio.html

SFC v. Vizio: Who Can Enforce the GPL?¶

Corbet, Jonathan. "SFC v. VIZIO: who can enforce the GPL?" LWN.net. January 2026. https://lwn.net/Articles/1052734/

SFC v. Vizio Survives Summary Judgment¶

DLA Piper. "SFC v. Vizio survives motion for summary judgment on third-party beneficiary issue." January 2024. https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2024/01/sfc-v-vizio-survives-motion-for-summary-judgment-on-third-party-beneficiary-issue

SFC v. Vizio Tentative Ruling¶

Software Freedom Conservancy. "Judge Issues Tentative Ruling in Favor of SFC." December 2025. https://sfconservancy.org/news/2025/dec/04/tentative-vizio-ruling-in-favor-of-sfc/

SFC v. Vizio Trial Delay¶

Software Freedom Conservancy. "Some Unfortunate Delays in our Struggle for Copyleft Justice." January 2026. https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2026/jan/26/delay-in-start-of-vizio-trial/

SFC v. Vizio Consumer Enforcement Analysis¶

Baker Botts. "When Consumers Enforce Open Source: The SFC v. Vizio Case." May 2026. https://www.bakerbotts.com/thought-leadership/publications/2026/may/when-consumers-enforce-open-source

SFC v. Vizio Trial and Ad Business Stakes¶

PPC Land. "The Vizio open-source trial that could shake the smart TV ad industry." August 2026. https://ppc.land/the-vizio-open-source-trial-that-could-shake-the-smart-tv-ad-industry/

SFC v. Vizio FOSDEM 2026 Talk¶

FOSDEM. "The story of the Vizio lawsuit — a historic case for user rights, nearly complete!" FOSDEM 2026. https://fosdem.org/2026/schedule/event/GSERGW-the_story_of_the_vizio_lawsuit_-_a_historic_case_for_user_rights_nearly_complete/

Steck v. AVM LGPL Enforcement¶

Software Freedom Conservancy. "SFC-funded lawsuit gets software repair and reinstall for users of AVM routers." January 2025. https://sfconservancy.org/news/2025/jan/09/avm-copyleft-lawsuit-resolved-with-install/

SCO v. IBM Litigation Timeline¶

Groklaw. "SCO v. IBM Timeline." 2003-2011. https://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=20031016162215566 (archived)

SCO Group Bankruptcy¶

SCO Group. "Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filing." September 2007. Court records, District of Delaware.

SPDX License List¶

SPDX Workgroup. "SPDX License List." Accessed 2026. https://spdx.org/licenses/

SSPL Open Source Initiative Rejection¶

Open Source Initiative. "The SSPL Is Not an Open Source License." January 2019. https://opensource.org/node/1099

Stack Overflow Content License¶

Stack Overflow. "Licensing." Accessed 2026. https://stackoverflow.com/help/licensing

Stewart Brand Information Wants To Be Free Origin¶

Quote Investigator. "Information Wants To Be Expensive. Information Wants To Be Free." March 2018. Traces the quotation to Stewart Brand at the first Hackers Conference, November 1984, and transcribes the full remark from the recording. https://quoteinvestigator.com/2018/03/09/info/

U¶

US Copyright Office AI Report Part 2¶

U.S. Copyright Office. "Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2: Copyrightability." January 2025. https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-2-Copyrightability-Report.pdf

V¶

Valkey 9.0 Release¶

Valkey Project. "Valkey 9.0: innovation, features, and improvements." September 2025. https://valkey.io/blog/introducing-valkey-9/

Valkey Investment in Open Source¶

Valkey Project. "Valkey: An Investment in Open Source." 2025. https://valkey.io/blog/valkey-investment-in-open-source/

Veeam Proxmox VE Support¶

Veeam Software. "Veeam Extends Data Freedom for Customers with Support for Proxmox VE." August 2024. https://www.veeam.com/company/press-release/veeam-extends-data-freedom-for-customers-with-support-for-proxmox-ve.html

VirtualBox Extension Pack License¶

Oracle Corporation. "VirtualBox Personal Use and Evaluation License." https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/VirtualBox_PUEL

Z¶

ZFS Linux Licensing Issues¶

Various. "ZFS on Linux Legal Issues." Multiple discussions, 2010-present. Referenced in Canonical, Debian, and Fedora project documentation.

Court Cases¶

Oracle v. Google Litigation Timeline¶

2010: Oracle files suit against Google
2012: District court rules APIs not copyrightable (Judge Alsup)
2014: Federal Circuit reverses, rules APIs copyrightable
2016: Jury finds Google's use is fair use
2018: Federal Circuit reverses fair use finding
2021: Supreme Court rules for Google on fair use grounds (6-2)

Source: Court records and reporting from Ars Technica, The Verge, and legal commentary.

SFC v. Vizio Litigation Timeline¶

2021: SFC files suit in California state court (Orange County) as a consumer/third-party beneficiary
2022: Case survives removal to federal court, remanded back to state court
2024: Survives Vizio's motion for summary judgment on third-party beneficiary issue
2025 (Jul): SFC files updated motion for summary adjudication
2025 (Dec 4): Judge Leal issues tentative ruling: Vizio must provide complete corresponding source code (direct contract theory); third-party beneficiary theory tentatively rejected on procedural grounds
2025 (late Dec): Court rules GPLv2 does not require manufacturers to enable reinstallation of user-modified code
2026 (Jan): Trial delayed from January 12 due to docket congestion
2026 (Aug 10): Jury trial begins, Orange County Superior Court Dept. C33, Judge Sandy Leal presiding
Late 2026 / early 2027: Ruling expected — SFC anticipates three to six months after trial concludes

Source: SFC case page, LWN.net, DLA Piper, court records (Orange County Superior Court, Case No. 2021-01209526).

For books, other guides, and additional resources, see Further Reading.